Fighting continued into 1971 when King Hussein drove out the Palestinians from their remaining bases and expelled them from the country. The so-called Arab Deterrent Force would be short-lived. They ran a multifaceted operation and led an armed mass struggle of national character. [4] However, the United States opposed the Nicaraguan revolution due to their communists sympathies and support from Castro's Cuba, and backed an anti-left wing Counter-revolutionary rebellion against the Sandinista government. Thousands of Palestinians fled into Jordan, swelling the refugee population to two million.
The US Defence Secretary, Melvin Laird, has said that if necessary all 300 US citizens in Jordan will be airlifted out. The operation fails. Nevertheless, fears that the civil wars wracking its neighbors might spread to the country led to the killings and disappearances of leftists, spearheaded by the army's Battalion 316. [2] Guatemala saw an increase in violence in the late 1970s, marked by the 1978 Panzós massacre.
There have been claims and counterclaims of victory. June 13, 1978: Israel withdraws, mostly, from occupied territory, handing over authority to the breakaway Lebanese Army force of Maj. Saad Haddad, which expands its operations in South Lebanon, operating as an Israeli ally. Lebanon operates under two rival governments: a military government led by renegade general Michel Aoun, and a civil government headed by Selim el Hoss, a Sunni Muslim. [8][verification needed], Following a CIA-backed coup ousting Jacobo Arbenz in 1954, civil war ensued in Guatemala between 1962 and 1996. Gen. Emile Lahoud is named to replace Gen. Michel Aoun as commander of the Lebanese army. Syria, Iraq and Israel quickly became involved and Syrian troops invaded Jordan. He has been writing for more than 20 years.
Lebanese and Arab leaders meet in Taif, Saudi Arabia, under the leadership of Lebanese Sunni leader Rafik Hariri. Palestinians in Lebanon vow to escalate their attacks on Israel. [13] As of 2020[update], violence still reigns over Central America. August 30, 1982: After intense mediation led by the United States, Yasser Arafat and the Palestine Liberation Organization, which had run a state-within-a-state in West Beirut and South Lebanon, evacuate Lebanon. Christians lose their majority in Parliament, settling for a 50-50 split, though the president is to remain a Maronite Christian, the prime minister a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of Parliament a Shiite Muslim. April 13, 1975: Gunmen attempt to assassinate Maronite Christian Phalangist leader Pierre Gemayel as he’s leaving church that Sunday. [9] On 10 May 2013, Ríos Montt was convicted of genocide and sentenced to 80 years in prison.[9]. King Hussein's troops are reported to have stormed the headquarters of the Palestine Liberation Organisation. The war triggers a devastating final round to the Lebanese Civil War as Christian factions battle it out.
sfn error: no target: CITEREFMarcus1985 (, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, Foreign interventions by the United States, United States involvement in regime change in Latin America, Betancur, Figueredo Planchart & Buergenthal 1993, "The Root Causes of the Central American Crisis", "Honduras in the Central American Conflict: Trends and Recent Developments", Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_American_crisis&oldid=986941023, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 3 November 2020, at 21:49. Israeli forces respond. The 1970s was a decade marked by the Watergate scandal, the growing women's rights, gay rights and environmental movements, and 1970s fashion and music. The United States supported the Salvadoran military government and supplied them with 4 billion dollars, trained their military elites, and provided them with arms over the course of a decade. March 11, 1978: Palestinian commandos attack an Israeli kibbutz between Haifa and Tel Aviv, then hijack a bus. September 10, 1982: The Multinational force completes its withdrawal from Beirut. Sept. 15, 1982: Israeli troops invade West Beirut, the first time an Israeli force enters an Arab capital. Thus, any war of succession is by definition an internecine war, but not necessarily a civil war. King Hussein's generals ordered tanks into the capital Amman at dawn using artillery and rockets against mortar fire. [14] A common legacy of the Central American crisis was the displacement and destruction of indigenous communities, especially in Guatemala where they were considered potential supporters of both the government and guerilla forces.[9]. Gradually, they turn into defenders of the Gemayel regime against Druze and Shiites in central and South Lebanon. March 19, 1978: The United Nations Security Council adopts Resolution 425, sponsored by the United States, calling on Israel to withdraw from South Lebanon and on the UN to establish a 4,000-strong UN peacekeeping force in South Lebanon. Langevin Jacques/Contributor/Getty Images. There must be peace - or war.". From their new base, the PLO launched military operations against Israel and drew bloody reprisals that killed and injured Jordanians. He is replaced by Selim el Hoss. The recent multiple hijacking of western airliners forced to land in Jordan by Palestinian militants has made the king even more determined to crack down on the guerrillas. [7] The conflict ended in the early 1990s. Amman Radio said the Jordanian army controlled three-quarters of the capital while Palestinian sources said they controlled the whole city, where Palestinians make up 70% of the population. March 14, 1978: Some 25,000 Israeli soldiers crossed the Lebanese border in Operation Litani, named for the Litani River that crosses South Lebanon, not 20 miles from the Israeli border. Later, Costa Rican President Óscar Arias succeeded in convincing the other Central American leaders to sign the Esquipulas Peace Agreement, which eventually provided the framework for ending the civil wars.
Over 200,000 people died over the course of the civil war, disproportionately indigenous people targeted by the Ríos Montt headed military. Amman airport and the country's borders are closed, and telecommunications lines are down. [12] In Honduras, efforts to establish guerrilla movements foundered on the generally conservative attitude of the population. Its original mandate was for six months. Lebanese Civil War, 1975 to 1978 . Under the terms of the agreement signed two days later in Cairo his troops were to withdraw from Jordanian towns and cities and recognise the king's authority. Pierre Tristam is an award-winning writer who covers Middle East, foreign affairs, immigration, and civil liberties. Several Latin American nations formed the Contadora Group to work for a resolution to the region's wars. [1], In the aftermath of the Second World War and continuing into the 1960s and 1970s, Latin America's economic landscape drastically changed. By then, the United States is actively engaged in Lebanon’s civil war on the side of the Gemayel government. August 24, 1982: A multinational force of U.S. Marines, French paratroopers, and Italian soldiers lands in Beirut to assist in the evacuation of the Palestine Liberation Organization. June 6, 1982: Israel invades Lebanon again. Sept. 15-16, 1982: Under the supervision of Israeli forces, Christian militiamen are bused into the two Palestinian refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila, ostensibly to “mop up” remaining Palestinian fighters. April 13, 1975: Gunmen attempt to assassinate Maronite Christian Phalangist leader Pierre Gemayel as he’s leaving church that Sunday. The Central American crisis began in the late 1970s, when major civil wars and communist revolutions erupted in various countries in Central America, causing it to become the world's most volatile region in terms of socioeconomic change. [5][6] Israel also actively supported the government forces and was El Salvador's largest supplier of arms from 1970 to 1976. Over the course of the 1970s, significant tensions and violence had already existed, before the civil war's full outbreak. Hezbollah: History, Organization, and Ideology, U.S. Policy in the Middle East: 1945 to 2008, Black September: The Jordanian-PLO Civil War of 1970, An Overview of the Palestine Liberation Organization, The 1970 Palestinian Hijackings of Three Jets to Jordan, Leaders of the Middle East: A Photo Gallery, Kuwait's Parliamentary Democracy Explained, The Weapons and Tactics Used by Terrorists, B.A., Politics and History, New York University. Professor of History Maurice Isserman co-authored with Michael Kazin America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s (Oxford University Press, 1999). Up for your consideration: Very Large Table Lamp of a Civil War Union Soldier Figure. King Hussein condemned the hijackers as "the shame of the Arab world" in an interview with French newspaper Le Figaro earlier this week. King Hussein's generals ordered tanks into the capital Amman at dawn using artillery and rockets against mortar fire. Moments later, French paratroopers’ barracks are attacked by a suicide bomber, killing 58 French soldiers. September 22, 1989: The Arab League brokers a cease-fire. At first, French and American soldiers play a neutral role. The strategic town of Zerka, that controls supply routes to the north of the country, was also the scene of heavy fighting.
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used as a strict synonym of the generic term 'internecine war'), creating terminological overlap with insurgencies or coups d'état . July 1, 1978: Syria turns its guns on Lebanon’s Christians, pounding Christian areas of Lebanon in the worst fighting in two years. October 1976: Egyptian, Saudi, and other Arab troops in small numbers join the Syrian force as a result of a peace summit brokered in Cairo.
In particular, the United States feared that victories by communist forces would cause South America to become isolated from the United States if the governments of the Central American countries were overthrown and pro-Soviet communist governments were installed in their place. June 16, 1985: Hezbollah militants hijack a TWA flight to Beirut, demanding the release of Shiite prisoners in Israeli jails. The presidency of Efraín Ríos Montt (1982–1983), during which he implemented a strategy he called "beans and bullets", is widely considered[by whom?] He also suggested America may provide military support to King Hussein's government if the situation worsened and said some units of the Sixth Fleet had moved closer to the area in the last 24 hours. Afghan War, in the history of Afghanistan, the internal conflict that began in 1978 between anticommunist Islamic guerrillas and the Afghan communist government (aided in 1979–89 by Soviet troops), leading to the overthrow of the government in 1992. The nation also hosted bases for the Nicaraguan Contras.
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