Everyone labors equally and lives in community. Ajarry has three husbands and five children, and the only one of the children that survives is Mabel, Cora's mother The Underground Railroad Summary The novel The Underground Railroad … Among them is Ridgeway, who grabs Cora by the ankles and throws her down the stairs. Underground Railroad ist das rechte Buch im rechten Augenblick. During her childhood, a woodcut image of “a missionary surrounded by jungle natives” convinced Ethel that her spiritual fulfillment lay with serving “the Lord in dark Africa, delivering savages to the light” (195). In this razor-sharp novel, the Underground Railroad has assumed a physical form, a dilapidated box-car pulled by a steam locomotive, picking up fugitives wherever it can. After waiting in the dark, Cora realizes that on the other side of the door Sam’s house is on fire. While Ethel is nursing her back to health, slave catchers raid the house. As it turns out, Mabel made it no farther than the swamp surrounding Randall before turning back to reunite with her daughter. Alles zu Start, Handlung, Trailer und Besetzung findet ihr hier. The townspeople lynch Martin and Ethel and Ridgeway recaptures Cora. When Mabel runs away, she is thrilled by the taste of freedom but she immediately decides that she must go back for Cora. Cora shares a cabin with Sybil and her daughter Molly, whom she becomes friends with. Alone on the plantation, Cora proves her independence and determination by protecting Ajarry’s legacy, the vegetable plot, from the intrusions of another slave, Blake, and his dog. Ridgeway and his assistants, Bozeman and Homer, travel with Cora and another runaway, Jasper, through Tennessee. The Underground Railroad ist eine Dramaserie, in der es um die Flucht einer Sklavin während des amerikanischen Bürgerkriegs geht. Ridgeway returns with them and recaptures Cora. She eventually gets sick, and Ethel cares for her, which marks a shift from Ethel’s previously hostile attitude. One evening, Ridgeway gives Cora a new dress to wear and takes her out for dinner. a system to abet runaways seems to have existed. In reaction to slave rebellions, the white population sold all of its slaves to other southern states and is in the process of lynching any last black people they find within state borders. Caesar is captured and lynched by a mob. He offers her a ride heading toward St. Louis and then on to California. der Name eines geheimen Netzwerks, das Sklaven aus den Südstaaten in den freien Norden und bis nach Kanada schleuste und sich dabei der Codewörter aus der Welt der Eisenbahn bediente. Interspersed in the narrative are chapters that follow other characters in the same way the … Royal dies in Cora’s arms while telling her with a smile to escape via the underground railroad. Before Sam, Cora, and Caesar can decide what to do with this news, Ridgeway, a feared slave catcher, finds them in South Carolina. The protagonist Cora’s grandmother, Ajarry, is kidnapped from Africa as a child and brought to America, where she is sold many times before ending up on Randall plantation. It is eventually revealed that Bessie is, in fact, Cora, who (along with Caesar) assumed a fake identity in South Carolina with the assistance of a white saloon owner and underground railroad agent named Sam. As he lies dying from his injuries, Ridgeway asks that Homer write down his last words. Shortly after, a group of pig hunters finds them in the woods. The two attend social dances and begin to settle in, putting off the next leg of their journey as they adjust to freedom. Meanwhile, other residents are being forcibly sterilized in order to cull the black population. Later that night, Cora sees a black woman running through the green in front of the dormitories screaming, “They’re taking away my babies!” This image haunts Cora. A young woman named Cora makes an amazing discovery during her attempt to break free from slavery in the deep south. The Underground Railroad—the resistance to enslavement through escape and flight, through the end of the Civil War—refers to the efforts of enslaved African Americans to gain their freedom by escaping bondage.Wherever slavery existed, there were efforts to escape. Ethel is a nervous, reluctant bystander until her chance to play missionary when Cora falls ill. They have a servant, Fiona, a young Irish woman who cannot know about Cora’s presence, lest she alert others and get Cora, Martin, and Ethel killed. She takes several husbands and gives birth to a handful of children, but none survive except one named Mabel. Just as Lander’s speech is coming to an end, the meeting is disrupted by Ridgeway and a gang of white men. LitCharts Teacher Editions. As Terrance is about to hit Chester, Cora defends him, and both of them are brutally whipped as a result. Through a crack in the attic wall, Cora watches the Friday Festival, an event at which the local townspeople watch a minstrel show and then publically lynch a black person. One day, the enslaved population on Randall is preparing a birthday feast for Jockey, an enslaved man who picks random days on which to celebrate his birthday. She goes to warn Sam, who tells Cora that Ridgeway is after her and hides her down on the underground railroad platform. Do they deserve to be called heroes? Although he is technically free, Homer mysteriously decides to stay with Ridgeway and he even voluntarily chains himself to Ridgeway’s wagon at night. Cora is a slave on a cotton plantation in Georgia. I seem simply put together but is far more complex than originally thought of. And destroy that what needs to be destroyed. Martin inherits the abolitionist cause from his father and becomes involved with the Underground Railroad. Nach dem Triumph von Underground Railroad der neue Roman von Colson Whitehead Florida, Anfang der 1960er-Jahre. Underground Railroad Mehr Informationen zum Buch finden Sie auf . Old Randall hired Ridgeway, a notorious slave catcher, to find Mabel, but he was unable to do so. The Underground Railroad is a historical fiction novel by American author Colson Whitehead published by Doubleday in 2016. "The Underground Railroad" ist die Serienadaption des erfolgreichen Romans von Colson Whitehead. In the next chapter, Cora travels on the Underground Railroad to North Carolina. The Question and Answer section for The Underground Railroad is a great So when Caesar, a slave recently arrived from Virginia, tells her about the Underground Railroad, Cora takes the momentous decision to accompany him on his escape to the North. The brothers force the slaves to dance for their entertainment and Terrance grows furious when a young boy, Chester, accidentally knocks wine onto Terrance’s shirt. She ignores the white passersby but is greeted by a black man named Ollie in one wagon. "The Underground Railroad Summary". Cora falls ill after months of hiding in the attic. The novel interrupts the saga of Cora’s escape to introduce Arnold Ridgeway, a feared slave catcher. Wenn ihr die geheimen Wege des Underground Railroad erkunden möchtet, müsst ihr euch für diese Leserunde bewerben. One night, Cora and Caesar set out to cross the swamp that surrounds the plantation. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Underground Railroad von Colson Whitehead - Leseprobe und Materialien bei Hanser. Der sechzehnjährige Elwood lebt mit seiner Großmutter im schwarzen Ghetto von Tallahassee und ist ein Bewunderer Martin Luther Kings. When Terrance Randall enlists him to find Cora, and he learns she is Mabel’s daughter, he becomes obsessed with finding her and eradicating the Underground Railroad from the South. When Cora’s mother, Mabel, runs away, Cora becomes a young outcast among the slaves of the Randall plantation. Read 26,476 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. Rezensionsnotiz zu Süddeutsche Zeitung, 24.08.2017 Colson Whitehead kümmert sich nicht so sehr um historische Wahrheiten, ihm geht es mehr um Wahrhaftigkeit, stellt Rezensent Christoph Bartmann fest, deshalb werde bei ihm alles zur "Allegorie". She also embarks on a tentative romantic relationship with Royal. The Underground Railroad covers five primary periods in the life of Cora: 1. Cora takes classes in literacy with Miss Handler, and she undergoes medical examinations at the local hospital. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Ridgeway eventually gets irritated by Jasper’s singing and shoots him. The protagonist Cora's grandmother, Ajarry, is kidnapped from Africa as a child and brought to America, where she is sold many times before ending up on Randall plantation. Just as they get to the stairs, though, Cora pulls her chains around Ridgway’s neck, which causes him to fall down the stairs. She grew up wanting to save “savages” in Africa as a missionary, but became a schoolteacher instead. A poisonous cottonmouth snake bit her in the reeds, however, and she died in the swamp. As they drive away Martin and Ethel are stoned to death by the townspeople. Eventually, she reaches the mouth of the tunnel and she can tell from the sun that she has made it north. Visitors often come to the farm, including abolitionists, musicians, and poets. John tells Cora that he feels a sense of duty to help all black people, who he believes must look out for one another. There, she hides in the attic of a white couple named Martin and Ethel. Mai 2021 in das Programm von Amazon Prime Video aufgenommen werden. The book is largely narrated from her perspective, as she escapes her life as a slave on a Georgia plantation and makes her way on the Underground Railroad through several states … Under this scheme, Cora learns to read and write as she works first as a nanny for a family called the Andersons and then as a living model in an exhibit on American history in a government-funded museum. As a teenager, Ridgeway becomes a patroller, terrorizing and abusing black people, before deciding to become a professional slave catcher. Welche Reaktion auf das Buch hat Sie am meisten überrascht? Soon after Jockey’s feast, James Randall dies of kidney failure, which means that Terrance (the crueler brother) takes over the whole plantation. They shoot Lander and Royal and drag off many others. After Cora recovers from her wounds, she makes up her mind to escape with Caesar. She comes across a caravan of traveling wagons. Ajarry dies as a slave of an aneurysm while picking cotton. Ridgeway captures Cora and demands that she lead him to the railroad station. Cora travels through Tennessee with Ridgeway, Ridgeway’s accomplices Homer and Boseman, and a captured runaway, Jasper, who won’t stop singing hymns. The Underground Railroad book. There is disagreement on the farm about the best way to advance black progress: gradually or inclusively. This time she pushes the lever herself. Mit “Underground Railroad” haben Sie gewaltige Erfolge gefeiert, sowohl bei den Kritikern als auch bei den Lesern. Ajarry dies of a brain hemorrhage while working in the cotton field. Ridgeway is tortured by his failure to capture Mabel and he swears he will track down Cora in her place. The way the content is organized, “Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. But from the very first moment the two young people are stubbornly pursued by slave catcher Arnold Ridgeway and his underage but early grown up … Sam overhears the sinister truth of South Carolina, however, and shares it with the pair: the government program includes forced sterilization of black women and a syphilis study of black men without their consent. The novel The Underground Railroad opens with the story of Ajarry, a young woman who is captured by slave traders on the African continent and sold in America. The Underground Railroad essays are academic essays for citation. Ridgeway shoots and kills Jasper in cold blood to stop him from singing hymns. The penultimate chapter describes Mabel’s life and her decision to run away. Struggling with distance learning? Bessie lives in dormitories supervised by white proctors, including Miss Lucy. Their journey is interrupted when a group of free black Underground Railroad agents rescue Cora from Ridgeway. Before the feast, Cora talks to her friend Lovey, a kind and simple young woman who—unlike Cora—enjoys dancing. I'm sorry, this is a short-answer forum designed for text specific questions. Homer is a 10-year-old black boy who serves as Ridgeway’s driver and bookkeeper. Shortly after, Cora has an interaction with Miss Lucy that causes her to fear that her true identity as a runaway slave may have been revealed. Rothstein, Talia. Grieving the loss of Royal and her community, Cora leads Ridgeway and Homer to the station. This causes a man named Big Anthony to run away, though Big Anthony is soon captured and tortured to death over a gruesome three-day period. Underground Railroad ist der erste Roman von Colson Whitehead, den ich bisher gelesen habe und die Art und Weise, wie der Autor die Geschichte rund um Cora erzählt hat, hat mir sehr gut gefallen. He was hired by the older Randall to find Mabel when she ran away years ago, but failed. Cora takes classes in literacy with Miss Handler, and she undergoes medical examinations at the local hospital. Cora and the Underground Railroad agents, including one named Royal, travel on the Railroad to a farm in Indiana owned by John Valentine, a free black man. They move from Virginia to North Carolina, where Martin is from, when his father dies. Cora takes Ridgeway and Homer to the station. Instant downloads of all 1444 LitChart PDFs Slave Narratives and the "Real" Underground Railroad, Read the Study Guide for The Underground Railroad…, Delusion and Reality in The Underground Railroad, Past and Future Blues: A Comparison of Historical Themes in 'Sonny's Blues' and 'The Underground Railroad', Underground Railroad: The Railroad To The North As A Metaphor For Freedom, View the lesson plan for The Underground Railroad…, View Wikipedia Entries for The Underground Railroad…. It was not an actual railroad, but it served the same purpose—it transported people long distances. In the altercation, Cora kills one of them, a teenage boy, in self-defense. North Carolina has recently established a genocidal society. After Cora and Caesar find Fletcher, Fletcher introduces them to Lumbly, who houses an underground railroad station beneath his farm. Soon after, she was gang-raped by four enslaved men. Meanwhile, the white settlers who neighbor the Valentine farm grow angry at the free black community. A few days later, Cora emerges from the Railroad. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!”, “This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Ridgeway takes Cora with him. Soon, Cora is given a new job as a “type” in a museum. Martin lives with his wife, Ethel, and they hide Cora in their attic. The two set off in the night, and they soon realize that they are being followed by Lovey. The novel The Underground Railroad opens with the story of Ajarry, a young woman who is captured by slave traders on the African continent and sold in America.Separated from her family and reduced to her value on the auction block, Ajarry ends up in the southern state of … 'Underground Railroad' ist nichts weniger als ein Meisterwerk, ein Roman, dessen historische Implikationen natürlich Schatten auf heute werfen." When Cora is still a young girl, Mabel escapes Randall without her daughter, who is relegated to Hob, the cabin for slave outcasts. The Underground Railroad was a secret way for slaves to escape slavery. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead. Ajarry’s one small act of liberation on Randall is to begin a vegetable plot on a small piece of land between slave cabins that her daughter Mabel and eventually her granddaughter Cora will inherit. When Cora was born, Mabel was repeatedly raped by Moses, one of the black bosses on Randall. He informs Cora that Caesar was killed by a mob in South Carolina. A brief chapter tells the story of Ethel’s life. The residents are about to debate whether the community should move west or stay put and expel the runaways who live there. Cora had been born as a result of Mabel’s romantic affair, at the age of fourteen, with Grayson, a kind and confident man who died of fever before learning that Mabel was pregnant. Boseman, meanwhile, has been traveling with Ridgeway for three years and he wears a necklace of shriveled ears. (including. They form a mob and ransack the farm, killing many members of the community, including Royal. After a while she grows too tired and, in between sleeps, continues her journey on foot. Tennessee is a barren, fire-ravaged landscape, and the few white settlements they come across are quarantined with yellow fever. Cora spends most of her time in the farm’s library, and one day John joins her there to discuss the future of the farm. About to descend into the station, Cora ambushes Ridgeway and pushes him down the cellar stairs. Fluchthelfernetzwerke für schwarze Sklaven hatten sich schon während der englischen Kolonialzeit in South Carolina und Georgia gebildet. Chapter 17 Summary. Just before the feast, a young man named Caesar pulls Cora aside and asks her to run away with him, an idea Cora dismisses as ludicrous. The farm is run by John Valentine, a white-passing freeborn black man, and his wife, Gloria. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class.”. I prefer the American spirit, the one that called us from the Old World to the New, to conquer and build and civilize. Soon after, Sam informs her and Caesar that there are rumors that the doctors are not treating some of the black dormitory residents for syphilis so that the doctors can study the infection’s progression. She becomes a stray, growing up to suffer sexual assault and social derision at the hands of other slaves. However, on her way back to Randall she is bitten by a snake and dies, her body swallowed up by the swamp. Sam’s house is burned to the ground. Colson Whitehead Undergro Und railroad Roman Aus dem Englischen von Nikolaus Stingl Carl Hanser Verlag. Life in Georgia. Once there, Martin Wells discovers her on the platform and he is alarmed by her arrival, as the station is supposed to be closed. Cora is tackled by a young boy and she kills him with a rock. The Underground Railroad, a 2016 historical fiction novel by Colson Whitehead, takes place in the early 19th century in Georgia and chronicles the life of protagonist Cora, Ajarry’s grandchild. Lovey is captured and taken back to Randall, but Cora and Caesar manage to escape to the home of a white abolitionist named Mr. Fletcher, who sends them on their first journey on the Underground Railroad. Seinerzeit ein gut gehütetes Geheimnis, gehört die "Underground Railroad" heute zu den nationalen Mythen, auch weil sie sich gut eignet, aus der Schande der Sklaverei ein Heldenlied zu … Martin shows Cora the Freedom Trail, a seemingly endless line of lynched black bodies left hanging on display, and he explains that black people are not allowed in North Carolina anymore. Ganz am Anfang, als das Buch gerade erschienen war, sagte eine ältere weiße Dame, dass es sie mitfühlender gemacht habe. Cora watches these lynchings in the park across the street from her attic window. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Teachers and parents! The Underground Railroad ist eine Historienserie aus dem Jahr 2021 mit Thuso Mbedu und Chase W. Dillon. Cora spends every Sunday tending to her garden, which she inherited from Mabel (who inherited it from Ajarry). The Underground Railroad ist eine zehn Folgen umfassende Minisiere von Barry Jenkins über die gleichnamige Untergrundgruppierung von Sklaverei-Gegnern und basiert auf dem gleichnamigen Bestseller von Colson Whitehead. The Underground Railroad (TV Series 2021– ) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. They do not get far from the plantation before running into hog farmers who manage to capture Lovey. Cora kicks Ridgway three times in the face before fleeing. Die amerikanische Originalausgabe erschien 2016 unter dem Titel The Underground Railroad bei Doubleday in New York. Instant downloads of all 1444 LitChart PDFs (including The Underground Railroad). Jahrhundert ist in den USA das Buch der Stunde. Caesar enjoys his work in a factory. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel. The slaves celebrate Old Jockey’s birthday and Cora tries to protect a boy named Chester from a beating at the hands of their master, Terrance Randall. Both Cora and Chester are brutally whipped as punishment. The heat in the attic is so intense that Cora sometimes passes out, and she is given only very small amounts of water and food. They travel through towns struck by wildfires and yellow fever. She declines, thinking it is a joke or a trap. When Mabel disappeared, she gave no indication to Cora that she was leaving. Our, "Sooo much more helpful than SparkNotes. Cora, meanwhile, is being courted by Royal, who shows her a nearby underground railroad station. She encounters a group of wagon drivers and sits up with an elderly black man named Ollie, who offers her food and water and suggests that they catch up on each other’s stories. The Underground Railroad Part 7 Summary & Analysis Part 7: "Ethel" Part 7 Summary. Neue Serie "The Underground Railroad": Vom Buch zur TV-Serie "Moonlight"-Regisseur Barry Jenkins macht aus dem preisgekrönten Roman von Colson Whitehead eine starke TV-Serie. Julian Weber, Die Tageszeitung, 21.08.17 "Große Literatur, die ins Jetzt hineinragt: Wer verstehen will, wie es zu Auswüchsen wie jüngst in Charlottesville kommen konnte, greife zu diesem Buch." Bessie sometimes takes the children to visit their father at his office in the Griffin Building, a 12-story building with an elevator. The book is largely narrated from her perspective, as she escapes her life as a slave on a Georgia plantation and makes... Why do you think people were willing to risk their lives to work on the Underground Railroad? The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. They travel in a rickety car to South Carolina. That organisation consists of an unknown number of steam trains and a vast system of tunnels to transport fugitives unseen to the non slaveholding states of the U.S. and finally to Canada. George Washington complained in 1786 that one of his runaway slaves was aided by \"a society of The last chapter is about Atlanta, Georgia and in general about the American South. "The Underground Railroad" has an almost dreamlike quality, exploring an alternate history of the antebellum South that filters Colson Whitehead's … Leaving him mortally wounded on the platform, she boards the train car for the last time in the novel. After this, Cora agrees to run away with Caesar; he tells her that he is being assisted by Fletcher, a local shopkeeper who works for the underground railroad. Why or Why Not? Ajarry has three husbands and five children, and the only one of the children that survives is Mabel, Cora’s mother. Although there is an underground railroad train coming in a few days, they decide to stay in South Carolina. One night, there is a dormitory social at which Cora wears a pretty new dress and chats happily with Caesar. The text alludes to Ethel’s suppressed lesbian identity throughout her life, but Ethel marries Martin and they have a daughter. One night, there is a dormitory social at which Cora wears a pretty new dress and chats … Cora resents her mother for leaving her behind on the plantation and escaping to freedom. In the final chapter, Ridgeway forces Cora to show him the Underground Railroad station near the ransacked Valentine farm in Indiana. The couple sets its hopes on the mysterious Underground Railroad. After the feast, the slaves dance and play music, but they’re interrupted by James and Terrance Randall, the brothers who own the plantation. Communication was had because of the limited learning the runaways had, so instead they used codes such as songs, secret words, and even quilts. Arriving in South Carolina, the station agent, Sam, welcomes them, and provides them with the alibis of Bessie Carpenter and Christian Markson. "Underground Railroad" von Colson Whitehead über Rassismus und Sklaverei im 19. To lift up the lesser races. Soon after Cora was placed there, she had a confrontation with a man named Blake who built a wooden house for his dog in Cora’s garden. The next chapter returns to Cora’s plight. Die Serie soll am 14. The plot picks up with Cora, Ajarry’s granddaughter. They learn that the government in South Carolina has begun buying up slaves and setting them up with jobs for a wage, rooms in dormitories, and health care, essentially allowing them to live as free people. GradeSaver, 14 April 2019 Web. Ridgeway has built up a reputation for being the most effective slave catcher in the South, often traveling to the far northern states to recapture runaway slaves. Cora, however, escapes to the Underground Railroad once more. Mr. and Mrs. Anderson are a couple living in South Carolina with their two children, who are cared for by a black nanny called Bessie. Copyright © 1999 - 2021 GradeSaver LLC. Cora is the protagonist of The Underground Railroad. The farm is home to numerous freed black people and escapees. The farm hosts a debate about the community’s future at which all residents are present. Soon after, patrollers arrive at the house and storm straight up to the attic. Lander argues that Valentine farm may be a “delusion,” but it is a delusion that its residents must believe in. During the era of slavery, the Underground Railroad was a network of routes, places, and people that helped enslaved people in the American South escape to the North. Elijah Lander, a biracial abolitionist and rhetorician, gives the next speech. Cora accepts and joins the caravan. She is described as a discerning, intelligent, and determined character. She poses in three different scenes representing different stages in the transatlantic slave trade: “Scenes from Darkest Africa,” “Life on the Slave Ship,” and “Typical Day on the Plantation.” At her next medical examination, Dr. Stevens suggests that Cora undergo sterilization, which horrifies her. Lovey, Cora’s friend, suspects they plan to escape and insists on going with them. When Cora is a teenager, another slave, Caesar, approaches Cora with a plan to escape. The Underground Railroad study guide contains a biography of Colson Whitehead, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. She is once again taking classes, and she shares a cabin with a woman named Sybil and Sybil’s daughter, Molly, with whom Cora has an affectionate bond. Cora is brought to North Carolina by a teenage engineer on the underground railroad. If not lift up, subjugate. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Separated from her family and reduced to her value on the auction block, Ajarry ends up in the southern state of Georgia on the Randall tobacco plantation. Not affiliated with Harvard College. After Mabel ran away, Cora became a “stray” and was placed in Hob, the cabin for “wretched” women. Cora, meanwhile, steps onto the handcar waiting in the station and begins slowly conveying herself to freedom, swinging at the tunnel with a pickax as she goes. Es ist kein einfaches Thema, mit dem sich der Roman beschäftigt. One of the oldest residents, Mingo, gives a speech advocating the expulsion of runaways and “criminals” and arguing that the only way to achieve “Negro uplift” is through embracing only the “best” members of the race. The Underground Railroad ist eine US-amerikanische Historienserie aus … The narrative jumps to Cora’s adolescence—she is still living on Randall. After the dinner, Boseman attempts to rape Cora but is interrupted by Royal, Justin, and Red, three free black men who shoot Boseman and rescue Cora. Das Buch "Underground Railroad" ist nach dem Netzwerk benannt, das geflüchteten Sklaven half, aus dem Süden in den freien Norden zu gelangen. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. With Thuso Mbedu, Chase Dillon, Joel Edgerton, Aaron Pierre. Zusammen mit Hanser verlosen wir 30 Exemplare von "Underground Railroad" unter allen, die sich über diesen erfolgreichen Roman austauschen und im Anschluss eine Rezension schreiben möchten. Cora destroyed the doghouse with a hatchet and cut off the dog’s tail. Ridgeway is the son of a blacksmith, Ridgeway Sr. who believed in a “Great Spirit” uniting all living things.
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