Other left-wing groups included the Cao Vong Thanh Nien Dang (or ‘Hope of Youth’ party, formed 1927) and the New Vietnam Revolutionary Party (formed 1925). 3. The Comintern exerted pressure on Ho Chi Minh and other influential figures, urging the unification of these different groups. This website is created and maintained by Alpha History. It was one thing to form a small nationalist group like the Viet Minh. Date accessed: May 20, 2021 In late 1941, Ho told his comrades in the newly formed Viet Minh that the time had come for removing foreign aggressors; the time for resolving their political differences would come later. The best known of these nationalists was Nguyen Sinh Cung – later known as Ho Chi Minh – who petitioned the Paris peace conference for Vietnamese independence, only to be ignored. The ICP immediately tapped into rural discontent. Some people thought the anti-war demonstrations were only delaying peace in Vietnam. The newly communist People's Republic of China gave the Việt Minh both sheltered bases and heavy weapons with which to fight the French. To abolish the forced buying of government bonds, the poll-tax and all unjust taxes hitting the poor; About 90,000 Viet Minh were evacuated to the North while 5,000 to 10,000 cadre remained in the South, most of them with orders to refocus on political activity and agitation. His speeches and articles were brought together in a four-volume "Selected Works of Ho Chi Minh" issued in Hanoi between 1960 and 1962. The Vietnamese, raised on a Confucian diet of obedience, were accustomed to simply accepting their lot and not questioning the political order. More than 400 Vietnamese were trained by Japanese defectors in this school. The Viet Minh’s first chairman, Ho Ngoc Lam, was a non-communist. They formed several small but well run communist groups in the 1920s. [11], The Khmer Issarak and United Issarak Front were instrumental in the foundation of the Cambodian Salvation Front (FUNSK) in 1978. These uprisings triggered brutal reprisals by the French military but the ICP survived and continued to grow. The French colonial regime offered no respite, maintaining taxes at high levels. Vietnamese interests were instead represented by expatriates in the French Communist Party, led by Ho Chi Minh. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam therefore existed only in theory and effectively controlled no territory. American military and economic aid continued to pour into South Vietnam while American military and police advisers helped train and equip Diem’s army and security forces. The Việt Nam Độc Lập Đồng Minh Hội had previously formed in Nanjing, China, at some point between August 1935 and early 1936 when Vietnamese nationalist parties formed an anti-imperialist united front. The Việt Minh continued fighting against the French until 1949, when the border of China and Vietnam was linked together as a result of the campaign called Chiến dịch Biên giới ("Borderland Campaign"). Through the early 1920s, there were no significant communist organisations in Vietnam. Transfer of civil administration of North Vietnam to the Việt Minh was given on October 11, 1954. The Việt Minh, who were short on modern military knowledge, created a military school in Quảng Ngãi Province in June 1946. The conflicts in French Indo-China, Algeria and Vietnam had major effects on the French and American military institutions. The NVA cadre and Viet Minh in the south—which became officially known as the National Liberation Front for South Vietnam, and colloquially known as the “VC” or Viet Cong (“Viet Cong” is a contraction of sorts of the term “Vietnamese Communist”)—were cut off from their main source of supplies north of the DMZ. Ho Chi Minh responded by activating the Viet Minh cadres in South Vietnam, who began to wage small-scale attacks on the Southern government. French forces returned to Vietnam and drove the Viet Minh into the north of the country but were unable to penetrate farther. French General Jean Étienne Valluy quickly pushed the Việt Minh out of Hanoi. Many Vietnamese communists were trained in the Soviet Union and worked with the growing communist movement in China. Ho Chi Minh, founder of the Indochina Communist Party (1930) and its successor, the Viet-Minh (1941), and president of North Vietnam (1945–69). The French did not recognize Ho’s declaration, however. As a result, the Viet Minh received aid and support from a variety of other powers, including the Soviet Union, Nationalist China (the KMT), and the United States. Ho went to great lengths to make the Viet Minh an inclusive confederation, open to any political group or organisation, communist or otherwise. Title: “The Viet Minh” [6] It provided for unification elections under the supervision of the United Nations, but was rejected by the Soviet delegation. Here, retired Colonel William C Haponski, co-author of ‘Autopsy of an Unwinnable War: Vietnam’, explains that the British were in fact one of five main players in early post-World War 2 Vietnam. Negotiations between the French and Việt Minh broke down quickly. This was the belief that if one country fell to communism, it was likely that the … This party flourished during a period of economic suffering, obtaining significant support and organising peasant uprisings. To implement an eight-hour working day; Publisher: Alpha History The Viet Minh was one of several Vietnamese nationalist groups took shape in the early 1900s. Louis Roubaud, a Frenchman who observed these uprisings, noted that “the revolutionary movement of Vietnam has a head and a body”. At the end of the war, a peace agreement signed in Geneva, led to the temporary division of Vietnam into North and South. Authors: Jennifer Llewellyn, Jim Southey, Steve Thompson Many Vietnamese nationalists drew on European political ideas and methods to argue their case. Diệm and the United States wanted to avoid holding the planned elections because they believed their side would lose. As a result of peace accords worked out at the Geneva Conference in Geneva, Switzerland, Vietnam was divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam at the 17th Parallel as a temporary measure until unifying elections could take place in 1956. Viet Minh Supply Columns were Never Stopped by French Air power or Artillery. The Viet Minh was one of several groups to form and struggle against foreign rule in Vietnam. After World War II, the Việt Minh opposed the re-occupation of Vietnam by France, resulting in the Indochina War, and later opposed South Vietnam and the United States in the Vietnam War. Communist Vietnamese independence movement between 1941 and 1951, North Vietnam and the end of the Việt Minh, Annie Jacobsen, "Surprise, Kill, Vanish: The Secret History of CIA Paramilitary Armies, Operators, and Assassins," (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2019), p. 110, Annie Jacobsen, "Surprise, Kill, Vanish: The Secret History of CIA Paramilitary Armies, Operators, and Assassins," (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2019), p. 109, Learn how and when to remove this template message, History of the Communist Party of Vietnam, "Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam: Chặng đường 80 năm vẻ vang", "Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Cambodia / Appendix B", Collection of Official Documents on Vietnam History, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Political organizations and armed forces in Vietnam, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&oldid=1023277538, Defunct political party alliances in Asia, 1930 disestablishments in French Indochina, Articles needing additional references from October 2020, All articles needing additional references, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Vietnamese-language text, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 May 2021, at 13:58. Ngô Đình Diệm, who was previously appointed Prime Minister of South Vietnam by Emperor Bảo Đại, eventually assumed control of South Vietnam. [citation needed] See also. With United States support in rigging the referendum of 1955 using secret Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) funding,[7] Diệm removed the Emperor and declared himself the president of the Republic of Vietnam. On September 2, 1945, in front of a crowd of hundreds of thousands, Ho declared Vietnam … formed in the 1940s as a nationalist group seeking Vietnamese independence. The causes of the Vietnam War trace their roots back to the end of World War II.A French colony, Indochina (made up of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) had been occupied by the Japanese during the war.In 1941, a Vietnamese nationalist movement, the Viet Minh, was formed by their leader Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969) to resist the occupiers. In 1930 several of these groups merged to form the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP). Many travelled to Moscow to receive training and participate in the Comintern. Upon Japan’s defeat, Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam to be independent, naming the country the Democratic Republic of Vietnam(DRV). The 1. [9], The Khmer Việt Minh were the 3,000 to 5,000 Cambodian communist cadres, left-wing members of the Khmer Issarak movement regrouped in the United Issarak Front after 1950, most of whom lived in exile in North Vietnam after the 1954 Geneva Conference. The Việt Minh also recruited more than 600 of the Japanese soldiers, who fought in the war against France until 1945. Citation information In 1950 Lao Issara was renamed to Pathet Lao (Laos Nation) under leadership of Souphanouvong, Kaysone Phomvihane, Phoumi Vongvichit, etc. As well as fighting the French, the Việt Minh started a campaign against the Japanese. 10. Copyright: The content on this page may not be republished without our express permission. By late 1931, the Party had around 1,500 cadres (professional members) and the support of more than 100,000 peasants. Fall, an American authority on Vietnam, published a collected of these in English in 1967 under the title "Ho Chi Minh on Revolution." Battle of Dien Bien Phu. What followed was nearly ten years of war against France. 5. The military leadership was under the command of Võ Nguyên Giáp. 9. The Viet Minh was instrumental in Vietnamese resistance to French occupation and the Indochinese War fought between Vietnam and France. These groups drew on Western political ideas and methods to push for Vietnamese independence. In 1930-31, French Indochina suffered a collapse in export demand caused by the Great Depression and a famine caused by natural disasters and crop failures. The late Bernard B. When Japan surrendered in August 1945, the Japanese handed over control of some public buildings and weapons requisitioned from the French army to the Việt Minh, now led by Hồ Chí Minh, after turning in the Vietnamese nationalist leaders of the Việt Minh to the French colonialists. A few months later, the Chinese, Vietnamese and French came to a three-way understanding. Soon after that, they began to advance towards the French-occupied areas. About 600 of the dead Viet Minh were killed by British soldiers, the … Vietnam War memory quiz – events 1946-1964, Vietnam War memory quiz – events 1965-1975, Vietnam War memory quiz – terms and concepts (I), Vietnam War memory quiz – terms and concepts (II). A communist, Ho Chi Minh waged a guerrilla war against … It contains 185,184 words in 262 pages and was updated last on May 10th 2021. Under French intervention, Lao Issara was split into non-communists and communists. To confiscate all the plantations and property belonging to the imperialists and the Vietnamese reactionary bourgeoisie and distribute them to the poor peasants; [5] The United States countered with what became known as the "American Plan", with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom. They were sacrificed on the false belief that if they defeated the Main Force of the Viet Minh in a conventional battle, that they would win the war and dictate the terms of peace. Some Vietnamese became active in the French Communist Party, founded in 1920. Two critical European events – World War I and the Russian Revolution – shaped the nationalist movement in Vietnam. These groups were disciplined and well managed but too small to have any significant impact. Many of the Khmer Việt Minh had married Vietnamese women during their long exile in Vietnam.[12].
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